Wednesday 30 April 2014

Brachial Plexus brief anatomy

The brachial plexus is a network of nerve fibers, running from the spine, formed by the ventral rami of the lower four cervical and first thoracic nerve roots (C5-C8, T1). It proceeds through the neck, the axilla (armpit region), and into the arm. It is a network of nerves passing through the cervico-axillary canal to reach axilla and innervates brachium (upper arm), antebrachium (forearm) and hand

Function

The brachial plexus is responsible for cutaneous and muscular innervation of the entire upper limb, with two exceptions: the trapezius muscle innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) and an area of skin near the axilla innervated by the intercostobrachial nerve.
Lesions can lead to severe functional impairment.[1]

Anatomy

The brachial plexus is divided into Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, and Branches. There are five "terminal" branches and numerous other "pre-terminal" or "collateral" branches that leave the plexus at various points along its length.

Root

The five roots are the five anterior rami of the spinal nerves, after they have given off their segmental supply to the muscles of the neck. The brachial plexus emerges at five different levels; C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1. There is prefixed or postfixed formations in some cases which involves c4 or T2 respectively .

Trunk

These roots merge to form three trunks:

Division

Each trunk then splits in two, to form six divisions:
  • anterior divisions of the upper, middle, and lower trunks
  • posterior divisions of the upper, middle, and lower trunks

Cord

These six divisions will regroup to become the three cords. The cords are named by their position with respect to the axillary artery.
  • The posterior cord is formed from the three posterior divisions of the trunks (C5-C8,T1)
  • The lateral cord is the anterior divisions from the upper and middle trunks (C5-C7)
  • The medial cord is simply a continuation of the anterior division of the lower trunk (C8,T1)

Branches

The branches are listed below. Most branch from the cords, but a few branch (indicated in italics) directly from earlier structures. The five on the left are considered "terminal branches".

Diagram

Dorsal scapular nerve (rhomboids, levator scapulae) Suprascapular nerve (supraspinatus, infraspinatus) Nerve to subclavius (subclavius) Lateral pectoral nerve (pectoralis major) Musculocutaneous nerve (coracobrachialis, brachialis, biceps brachii) Axillary nerve (deltoid, teres minor) Median nerve (forearm flexors except FCU and ulnar part of FDP, thenar muscles) Ulnar nerve (FCU and ulnar part of FDP, most intrinsic hand muscles Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm Medial cutaneous nerve of arm Radial nerve (triceps brachii, supinator, anconeus, forearm extensors, brachioradialis) Lower subscapular nerve (lower part of subscapularis, teres major) Thoracodorsal nerve (latissimus dorsi) Medial pectoral nerve (pectoralis major, pectoralis minor) Upper subscapular nerve (upper part of subscapularis) Long thoracic nerve of Bell (serratus anterior) Cervical spinal nerve 5 Cervical spinal nerve 6 Cervical spinal nerve 7 Cervical spinal nerve 8 Thoracic spinal nerve 1
Anatomical illustration of the brachial plexus with areas of roots, trunks, divisions and cords marked. Clicking on names of branches will link to their Wikipedia entry.
Diagrammatic representation of the brachial plexus using colour to illustrate the contributions of each nerve root to the branches

Specific branches

Bold indicates primary spinal root component of nerve. Italics indicate spinal roots that frequently, but not always, contribute to the nerve.
From Nerve Roots[2] Muscles Cutaneous
roots dorsal scapular nerve C4, C5 rhomboid muscles and levator scapulae -
roots long thoracic nerve C5, C6, C7 serratus anterior -
roots branch to phrenic nerve C5 Diaphragm -
upper trunk nerve to the subclavius C5, C6 subclavius muscle -
upper trunk suprascapular nerve C5, C6 supraspinatus and infraspinatus -
lateral cord lateral pectoral nerve C5, C6, C7 pectoralis major and pectoralis minor (by communicating with the medial pectoral nerve) -
lateral cord musculocutaneous nerve C5, C6, C7 coracobrachialis, brachialis and biceps brachii becomes the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
lateral cord lateral root of the median nerve C5, C6, C7 fibres to the median nerve -
posterior cord upper subscapular nerve C5, C6 subscapularis (upper part) -
posterior cord thoracodorsal nerve (middle subscapular nerve) C6, C7, C8 latissimus dorsi -
posterior cord lower subscapular nerve C5, C6 subscapularis (lower part ) and teres major -
posterior cord axillary nerve C5, C6 anterior branch: deltoid and a small area of overlying skin
posterior branch: teres minor and deltoid muscles
posterior branch becomes upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
posterior cord radial nerve C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 triceps brachii, supinator, anconeus, the extensor muscles of the forearm, and brachioradialis skin of the posterior arm as the posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm
medial cord medial pectoral nerve C8, T1 pectoralis major and pectoralis minor -
medial cord medial root of the median nerve C8, T1 fibres to the median nerve portions of hand not served by ulnar or radial
medial cord medial cutaneous nerve of the arm C8, T1 - front and medial skin of the arm
medial cord medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm C8, T1 - medial skin of the forearm
medial cord ulnar nerve C8, T1 flexor carpi ulnaris, the medial two bellies of flexor digitorum profundus, the intrinsic hand muscles except the thenar muscles and the two most lateral lumbricals the skin of the medial side of the hand and medial one and a half fingers on the palmar side and medial two and a half fingers on the dorsal side
Some mnemonics for remembering the branches:
  • Medial Cord Branches
  • 5 main nerves of brachial plexus, in order laterally to medially
    • "My Aunty Recognised My Uncle" - Musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, ulnar.

Injuries

Brachial plexus injury affects cutaneous sensations and movements in the upper limb. They can be caused by stretching, diseases, and wounds to the lateral cervical region (posterior triangle) of the neck or the axilla. Depending on the location of the injury, the signs and symptoms can range from complete paralysis to anesthesia. Testing the patient's ability to perform movements and comparing it to their normal side is a method to assess the degree of paralysis. A common brachial plexus injury is from a hard landing where the shoulder widely separates from the neck (such as in the case of motorcycle accidents or falling from a tree). These stretches can cause ruptures to the superior portions of the brachial plexus or avulse the roots from the spinal cord. Upper brachial plexus injuries are frequent in newborns when excessive stretching of the neck occurs during delivery. Studies have shown a relationship between birth weight and brachial plexus injuries; however, the number of cesarean deliveries necessary to prevent a single injury is high at most birth weights.[3] For the upper brachial plexus injuries, paralysis occurs in those muscles supplied by C5 and C6 like the deltoid, biceps, brachialis, and brachioradialis. A loss of sensation in the lateral aspect of the upper limb is also common with such injuries. An inferior brachial plexus injury is far less common, but can occur when a person grasps something to break a fall or a baby's upper limb is pulled excessively during delivery. In this case, the short muscles of the hand would be affected and cause the inability to form a full fist position.[4] In order to differentiate between a pre ganglionic and a post ganglionic type of injury on clinical examination one has to keep the following points in mind. In pre ganglionic injuries there will be loss of sensation above the level of clavicle, presence of pain in an otherwise insensate hand, presence of ipsilateral Horner's syndrome and loss of function of muscles supplied by branches arising directly from roots i.e. long thoracic nerve palsy leading to winging of scapula and elevation of ipsilateral diaphragm due to phrenic nerve palsy.
Acute brachial plexus neuritis is a neurological disorder that is characterized by the onset of severe pain in the shoulder region. Additionally, the compression of cords can cause pain radiating down the arm, numbness, paresthesia, erythema, and weakness of the hands. This kind of injury is common for people who have prolonged hyperabduction of the arm when they are performing tasks above their head.

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